【內(nèi)容提要】
《亞洲法與社會(huì)雜志》2024年第2期雜志內(nèi)容提要
研究論文
“Land Without Identifiable Ownership” in the Post-East Japan Earthquake Recovery: Lawful Land-Grabbing in Neoliberal Japan
東日本大地震災(zāi)后重建之“所有者不明土地”：日本新自由主義思潮下的合法化土地掠奪
金子由芳 (Yuka Kaneko)，神戶大學(xué)
Abstract:
This paper, with a focus on the status of tsunami disaster victims affected by the 2011 East Japan Earthquake, investigates into the status of private property rights in facing with the reviving legal instrumentalism in Japan, under the campaign of land law reform for the elimination of “l(fā)and without identifiable owners” in the name of facilitating the disaster recovery, by means of the “special zone” method or the designation of lawless areas where the normal time law is excluded, with the particularly targeted area for such exclusion being the constitutional requirements of due process and fair compensation in public taking. Under the extraordinary setting of absolute majority of conservative party at the National Diet in the aftermath of the 2011 great disaster, legislations in Japan during this decade have been characterized by a manifestation of neo-liberal policy, driving the entire Japanese legal system into a corner. Facts observed in present Japanese society are not different from those observed in other authoritarian regimes in Asia, including the phenomenon of “l(fā)and grabbing” by the governmental projects, which Asia once experienced a century ago for the colonial land enclosure by “wasteland management.”
摘要:
本文聚焦2011年?yáng)|日本大地震繼發(fā)海嘯所波及災(zāi)民之情狀，探究日本法律工具主義復(fù)興背景下以促進(jìn)災(zāi)后重建為名、旨在消除“所有者不明土地”的土地改革運(yùn)動(dòng)中私有財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)的狀況。該運(yùn)動(dòng)通過(guò)采用“特區(qū)”方法，即劃定不受制于現(xiàn)行法律的區(qū)域，尤其規(guī)避了憲法關(guān)于正當(dāng)程序和公開(kāi)征用公平補(bǔ)償?shù)囊蟆?/span>2011年大地震劫后，在國(guó)會(huì)保守黨占據(jù)絕對(duì)多數(shù)席位的特殊背景下，新自由主義政策成為十年來(lái)日本立法的風(fēng)向標(biāo)，使得整個(gè)日本法律體系陷入困境?，F(xiàn)今日本社會(huì)所觀察到的事實(shí)與亞洲其他專制政權(quán)無(wú)異，其中包括政府項(xiàng)目“掠奪土地”的現(xiàn)象，而上世紀(jì)亞洲便曾經(jīng)歷以“荒地管理”為名的殖民圈地運(yùn)動(dòng)。
Keywords: land registration, disaster recovery, Civil Code of Japan, land-grabbing, legal instrumentalism
關(guān)鍵詞：土地登記，災(zāi)后重建，日本民法典，土地掠奪，法律工具主義
Collective Voice without Collective Bargaining: Pandemic Induced Wage Theft Claims and Worker Responses in Apparel Supply Chains
不借助集體談判的集體發(fā)聲：新冠疫情服裝供應(yīng)鏈中引發(fā)的工資盜竊維權(quán)和工人回應(yīng)
阿查莉·庫(kù)馬拉熱（Achalie Kumarage)，澳洲國(guó)立大學(xué)、伍倫貢大學(xué)
Abstract：
Concentrated corporate power and failures to manage the distribution of risk mean that workers bear the heaviest burden in globalised apparel supply chains. Law and associated normative frameworks seek to strengthen collective worker voice and other worker rights to tip the scales of unequal bargaining power to benefit the workers. However, some of the traditional tools of labour law such as unionising and collective bargaining have weakened over the years and exacerbated during the COVID- 19 pandemic. Using a conceptual framework based on regulatory theory, feminist insights, and semi- autonomous social fields, this article examines the law-practice gap for regulating just wages within the apparel supply chain, responses, and how workers fight wage theft and carve out pathways to demand just wage standards. Drawing from the case of Sri Lanka, the article discusses how alternative forms of worker voice seek to fill in the implementation gaps. The findings of this study demonstrate worker initiatives to shape the regulation of just wages and how networked labour activism, especially by women workers, prompts to re-imagine structures of actor accountability on wage rights.
摘要：
企業(yè)權(quán)力的集中和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分配管理的失敗意味著工人在全球化的服裝供應(yīng)鏈中承受著最重的負(fù)擔(dān)。法律和相關(guān)規(guī)范框架旨在加強(qiáng)工人的集體聲音和其他工人權(quán)利，以扭轉(zhuǎn)不平等談判能力的局面使工人受益。然而，多年來(lái)，成立工會(huì)和集體談判這樣傳統(tǒng)的勞動(dòng)法手段已被削弱，這一情形在新冠肺炎(COVID-19)疫情期間進(jìn)一步惡化。本文使用基于規(guī)制理論、女權(quán)主義視角和半自治社會(huì)領(lǐng)域的概念框架，探討了服裝供應(yīng)鏈中規(guī)制工資的法律與實(shí)踐之間的差距、應(yīng)對(duì)措施，以及工人如何反抗工資盜竊和開(kāi)辟主張公平工資標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的途徑。本文以斯里蘭卡為例，討論了工人發(fā)聲的另一種形式如何試圖填補(bǔ)實(shí)踐方面的差異。本研究結(jié)果表明，工人們采取了各種措施來(lái)制定公平的工資制度，以及多網(wǎng)聯(lián)合的勞工行動(dòng)主義（尤其是女工的行動(dòng)主義）如何促使人們重新認(rèn)識(shí)行動(dòng)主體在工資權(quán)利方面的歸責(zé)結(jié)構(gòu)。
Keywords: apparel supply chains, labour rights, women workers, networked regulation, semi- autonomous social fields
關(guān)鍵詞: 服裝供應(yīng)鏈，勞工權(quán)利，女工，多網(wǎng)聯(lián)合規(guī)制，半自治社會(huì)領(lǐng)域
A Dynamic Theory of Prosecutorial Roles in Adversarial Trials
對(duì)抗制審判中檢察官角色的動(dòng)態(tài)理論
阿魯希·加爾格 （Arushi Garg)，劍橋大學(xué)犯罪學(xué)研究所
Abstract：
Prosecutors in adversarial systems are simultaneously expected to be impartial ministers of justice and partisan advocates. Leaving this tension unaddressed can result in poor-quality prosecutorial decision-making. This article develops a novel “dynamic” framework for prosecutors to navigate between and prioritize these competing considerations, which can be used to understand, evaluate, and improve prosecutorial performance. Under this framework, the prioritization should depend on which function the prosecutor is exercising at any given time. The article then deploys primary data collected in Delhi, through court observation and interviews with judges, lawyers, victims, and victim-support persons, to exemplify and justify the framework.
摘要：
檢察官在對(duì)抗性的訴訟制度中承擔(dān)了兩種角色：公共利益的維護(hù)者和有偏護(hù)的訴訟代理人。這兩種角色之間的矛盾如果不加以解決，就可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致檢察官做出低質(zhì)量的檢察決策。本文提出了一種全新的“動(dòng)態(tài)”框架，以便檢察官在相互沖突的要求之間進(jìn)行權(quán)衡與排序。該框架也可用于理解、評(píng)估和改善檢察官的表現(xiàn)。根據(jù)這一框架，檢察官的優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)應(yīng)取決于其在特定時(shí)間內(nèi)所行使的職能。本文將通過(guò)法庭觀察，以及對(duì)法官、律師、受害者和受害者支持人員的訪談，利用在德里收集的原始數(shù)據(jù)，來(lái)說(shuō)明和論證該框架的合理性。
Keywords: criminal justice, prosecutors, victims, trials, adversarial systems, India
關(guān)鍵詞: 刑事司法，檢察官，受害者，審判，對(duì)抗性訴訟制度，印度
Baffled Labelling: Making Sense of the Intertwined Relationship between Fundraising Fraud and Illegally Taking in Deposits from the General Public in Chinese Criminal Law
令人困惑的分類：解析中國(guó)刑法中集資詐騙與非法吸收公共存款的復(fù)雜關(guān)系
Yu Mou，倫敦大學(xué)亞非學(xué)院法學(xué)院
Abstract：
Fundraising fraud is one of the most serious and complicated financial crimes in China. It has an intertwined relationship with a regulatory offence, known as illegally taking in deposits from the general public (ITIDFGP). In judicial practice, ITIDFGP works as the downgraded form of fundraising fraud. This article explores why fundraising fraud is identified as financial fraud whereas ITIDFGP is a regulatory offence. The paper discerns the essence of fraud in Chinese criminal law and critically examines the concept of “intention to possess illegally.” It argues that ITIDFGP should be classified as a form of fraud de jure, although, in reality, there are policy considerations behind its categorization as a regulatory offence. The paper also suggests that the role played by the socioeconomic policy in Chinese criminal-law legislation should be fully acknowledged.
摘要：
在中國(guó)，集資詐騙是極為嚴(yán)重且復(fù)雜的金融犯罪之一。它與一類被稱為非法吸收公眾存款（ITIDFGP）的監(jiān)管違規(guī)行為有著錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的關(guān)系。在司法實(shí)踐中，非法吸收公眾存款往往作為集資詐騙的一種降級(jí)形式出現(xiàn)。本文探討了為何集資詐騙被認(rèn)定為金融詐騙，而非法吸收公眾存款則被視為一種監(jiān)管違規(guī)行為。同時(shí)，本文剖析了中國(guó)刑法中欺詐的本質(zhì)，并對(duì)“非法占有目的”的概念進(jìn)行了批判性分析。本文提出，雖然基于某些政策考量，非法吸收公眾存款實(shí)際上被歸類為一種監(jiān)管違規(guī)行為，但從法律角度而言，其應(yīng)被視為欺詐的一種形式。此外，本文還認(rèn)為，在中國(guó)的刑法立法過(guò)程中，社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)政策所起的作用應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)玫匠浞殖姓J(rèn)。
Keywords: fundraising fraud, illegally taking in deposits from the general public, financial fraud, Chinese criminal law
關(guān)鍵詞: 集資詐騙，非法吸收公眾存款，金融詐騙，中國(guó)刑法
Polyjuralism Meets Polyglotism: An LL.B. in Chinese Law and Global Legal Studies in the English Language
多元法律體系與多語(yǔ)種的交匯：英文授課的“中國(guó)法與全球法律研究”學(xué)士學(xué)位項(xiàng)目
唐曉晴（Io Cheng Tong），澳門大學(xué)法學(xué)院；羅斯坦·J·紐沃斯（Rostam J. Neuwirth），澳門大學(xué)法學(xué)院全球法律研究系；李可（Ke Li），澳門大學(xué)法學(xué)全球法律研究系
Abstract:
The omnipresence of change has been singled out as posing an important challenge to law, both in theory and in practice, throughout its history. Arguably, the most efficient method of adapting the law to constant changes is legal education. Recent changes in the global arena have added to the complexity of the expected role of future legal talents, requiring them to acquire not only a profound knowledge of local and global laws but also a variety of legal as well as non-legal skills. This article presents some of the principal challenges faced by law schools and legal education in the world of today. These challenges are then explored using the example of a new Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) degree programme in Chinese Law and Global Legal Studies in the English Language that will be offered by the Faculty of Law of the University of Macau in Macao, China.
摘要：
在整個(gè)法律歷史的進(jìn)程中，無(wú)處不在的變化對(duì)法學(xué)理論和法律實(shí)踐均構(gòu)成了重要的挑戰(zhàn)?？梢哉f(shuō)，使法律適應(yīng)持續(xù)變化的最有效方式是法學(xué)教育。國(guó)際舞臺(tái)的最新變化增加了未來(lái)法律人才預(yù)期角色的復(fù)雜性，法律人才不僅要習(xí)得豐富的本土和國(guó)際法律知識(shí)，還要學(xué)會(huì)一系列法律和非法律的技能。本文展示當(dāng)今世界范圍內(nèi)的法學(xué)院系和法學(xué)教育面臨的主要挑戰(zhàn)，并以位于中國(guó)澳門的澳門大學(xué)法學(xué)院即將開(kāi)設(shè)的“中國(guó)法與全球法律研究”學(xué)士學(xué)位新項(xiàng)目為例對(duì)這些挑戰(zhàn)進(jìn)行考察。
Keywords: legal education, future law, Chinese law, global legal studies, polyjuralism, polyglotism
關(guān)鍵詞：法學(xué)教育，未來(lái)法學(xué)，中國(guó)法，全球法律研究，多元法律體系，多語(yǔ)種
書評(píng)
Science of Norms as the Next Phase of the Sociology of Law and Socio-Legal Scholarship - Sociology of Law as the Science of Norms. By Hakan Hyden, New York: Routledge, 2022, 328 pp. Paperback, US$52.00
《作為規(guī)范科學(xué)的法律社會(huì)學(xué)》，作者：Hakan Hyden
Justice and Rape Trials in Rural India - Semiotics of Rape: Sexual Subjectivity and Violation in Rural India. By Rupal Oza. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2023. xxvii + 208 pp. $99.95
《強(qiáng)奸的符號(hào)學(xué)：印度農(nóng)村的性主體性與侵犯行為》，作者：Rupal Oza
翻譯：
（按篇章順序排序）
張雨欣、李欣睿、沈鈺婕、馬萬(wàn)儀、袁龍明越
校對(duì)：
陳曦宜