【作者】中國法與社會研究院
【內(nèi)容提要】
1. How Casinoization Affects the Police in Macao
賭場化如何影響澳門警察？
Tang In Lao，澳門大學(xué)社會學(xué)系
徐建華，澳門大學(xué)社會學(xué)系
Abstract
The past two decades have witnessed Macao’s development into the casino capital of the world. Casinos have significantly transformed all respects of Macao society—a phenomenon termed as the casinoization of Macao. While much research has explored how casinoization has affected Macao’s socioeconomic developments, empirical research on the relationship between casinoization and law enforcement agencies is extremely limited. Using official statistics and interviews with serving and retired police officers as well as police applicants in Macao, this article examines the quick-money mentality, laissez-faire regulation, and the paradox of plenty, three features of casinoization, and their profound impact on the Macao police. First, the early phase of casino liberalization created a draining effect on human capital from the police force. Second, the lucrative casino tax revenues empowered the government to resolve the labour shortage issue and significantly improve the police image. Third, casinoization inadvertently reinforced the colonial legacy of laissez-faire regulation, hampering the progress of institutional reforms. Fourth, the decline of casino has contributed to the unprecedented “police fever” among the youth in Macao.
Keywords
Casinos, police, Macao, post-colonialism, liberalization
摘要：
過去二十年見證了澳門發(fā)展成為世界賭場之都。賭場極大地改變了澳門社會的方方面面——這一現(xiàn)象被稱為“澳門的賭場化”。雖然許多研究都探討了賭場化如何影響澳門的社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展，但有關(guān)賭場化與執(zhí)法機構(gòu)之間關(guān)系的實證研究卻極為有限。本文通過官方統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)和對澳門在職與退休警察以及警察應(yīng)聘者的訪談，探討了賭場化的三個特點——快錢心態(tài)、自由放任監(jiān)管和富足悖論，以及它們對澳門警察的深遠影響。首先，初期的賭場自由化造成了警隊的人力資本流失。其次，賭場帶來的豐厚稅收使政府有能力解決勞動力短缺問題，并顯著提升了警察形象。第三，賭場化無意中強化了作為殖民遺產(chǎn)的自由放任監(jiān)管體制，阻礙了制度改革的進展。第四，賭場的衰落導(dǎo)致澳門年輕人群體中出現(xiàn)了前所未有的“警察熱”。
關(guān)鍵詞：
賭場、警察、澳門、后殖民主義、自由化
2. Coexisting with Drug Addiction: Strategies Used by Hong Kong’s Older Mixed Users to Improve Their Perceived Quality of Life
與毒癮共存：香港老年混合吸毒者用以改善生活質(zhì)量的策略
文森特·程 （Vincent S. Cheng），香港理工大學(xué)應(yīng)用社會科學(xué)系
Abstract
In Hong Kong, the percentage of older drug users has increased over the last two decades. However, the motivations behind their drug-use behaviours have received little research attention. This study focuses on older drug users who are enrolled in methadone treatment programmes but still use illicit drugs (mixed use). Some studies in the criminological literature and government discourse consider drug users to be passive and lacking self-control. However, in-depth interviews in with 25 older mixed users (aged over 50 years) in Hong Kong revealed that mixed use is one of the various strategies they actively employ to improve their self-perceived quality of life. Using the framework of the selective optimization with compensation model, this study (1) describes the strategies older mixed users adopt as active agents to improve their self-perceived quality of life while coexisting with their addiction; and (2) explains how these strategies were affected and constrained by Hong Kong’s prohibitionist drug policy. I infer that prohibitionist drug policies that emphasize on total drug abstinence may fail to cater to the needs of older drug users who have undergone several relapses and treatments in their lifetimes and do not think they can give up using drugs. This study also provides evidence to show how some drug users may act as active agents to manage and coexist with their addiction, and their agency seems to be constrained by the wider drug policy implemented in Hong Kong.
Keywords
substance abuse, older people, quality of life, drug rehabilitation, drug relapse
摘要：
在過去二十年間，香港老年吸毒者的比例有所上升。然而，他們吸毒行為背后的動機鮮有研究關(guān)注。本文聚焦參加美沙酮治療計劃但仍（混合）使用非法藥物的老年吸毒者。部分有關(guān)犯罪學(xué)文獻和政府話語的研究認為，吸毒者是被動且缺乏自我控制能力的。然而，與25名香港老年混合吸毒者（50歲以上）的深入訪談顯示，混合吸毒是他們?yōu)樘岣咦栽u生活質(zhì)量而積極采取的各種策略之一。本文使用帶有補償?shù)倪x擇性優(yōu)化模型為框架，（1）描述了老年混合吸毒者作為積極行動者（通過）與毒癮共存以提高自評生活質(zhì)量的策略；（2）解釋了這些策略如何受到香港禁毒政策的影響和制約。筆者推斷，強調(diào)徹底戒毒的禁毒政策可能無法回應(yīng)那些一生中經(jīng)歷過多次復(fù)吸和治療且認為自己無法棄用毒品的老年吸毒者的需求。本文亦提供證據(jù)表明，部分吸毒者如何作為積極行動者來管理毒癮并與毒癮共存，但他們的能動性似乎受制于香港推行的愈發(fā)廣泛的禁毒政策。
關(guān)鍵詞：
毒品濫用，老年人，生活質(zhì)量，戒毒，復(fù)吸
3. Innovation through Litigation: Prison Reform and the Legal Opportunity Structure in Taiwan
訴訟創(chuàng)新：臺灣監(jiān)獄改革與法律機會結(jié)構(gòu)
Mao-hong Lin，臺北大學(xué)犯罪學(xué)研究所
Abstract
Drawing on the theory of the legal opportunity structure, this article traces the progress of prison reform in Taiwan by highlighting how a case of parole revocation in the beginning led to an overhaul of the prison system in the end. This article argues that, through four interpretations of the Constitutional Court and the legal opportunity structure shaped thereby, including the split between courts, creation and expansion of inmates’ access to court, and the support from allies, the prison reform was eventually achieved. Theoretically, this article makes two contributions to the literature: (1) the combination of inactive legislature and reactive executive branch as the political context is decisive to the openness of the legal opportunity structure for it increases the receptivity of a proactive judiciary; (2) the international human rights frame incorporated into the legal stock by the Constitutional Court made the prison reform an ongoing process rather than a done work.
Keywords
legal opportunity structure; access to court; legal framing; parole; prison litigation; human rights
摘要：
本文以臺灣監(jiān)獄改革的歷程為線索，從法律機會結(jié)構(gòu)的理論出發(fā)，著重論述了一個撤銷假釋案如何最終導(dǎo)致監(jiān)獄制度的改革。本文認為，通過憲法法院的四項解釋及其相應(yīng)形成的法律機會結(jié)構(gòu)，包括法院之間的分裂、囚犯訴諸法院的機會的創(chuàng)建和擴大，以及盟友的支持，監(jiān)獄改革最終得以實現(xiàn)。從理論上講，本文對文獻有兩點貢獻：（1）作為政治背景的不活躍的立法機構(gòu)和被動的行政部門的結(jié)合，對法律機會結(jié)構(gòu)的開放性具有決定性作用，因為它增加了積極司法的可接受性；（2）憲法法院將國際人權(quán)框架納入法律體系，這使監(jiān)獄改革成為一個持續(xù)的過程，而不是一項已完成的工作。
關(guān)鍵詞：
法律機會結(jié)構(gòu)；訴諸法庭；法律框架；假釋；監(jiān)獄訴訟；人權(quán)
4. Understanding Health Fraud Offenders in China: An Emotional Labour Perspective
了解中國的健康欺詐罪犯：以情感勞動為視角
Jianhua Xu（徐建華）* 工作單位：中國澳門特別行政區(qū)氹仔，澳門大學(xué)社會科學(xué)院社會學(xué)系
Guyu Sun（孫顧宇） 工作單位：美國馬里蘭州，馬里蘭大學(xué)帕克學(xué)院，犯罪學(xué)與刑事司法系
Sinan Wu 工作單位：江蘇南京，南京大學(xué)法學(xué)院
Shangyi Zhu 工作單位：中國澳門特別行政區(qū)氹仔，澳門大學(xué)社會科學(xué)院社會學(xué)系
You Zhou 工作單位：澳大利亞維多利亞州墨爾本市，莫納什大學(xué)社會科學(xué)學(xué)院
Abstract
Existing literature has highlighted the importance of recognizing health fraud offenders’ intentional manipulations of victims’ vulnerabilities. However, the manipulation tactics of health fraud have received little attention. This study aims to extend the current understanding of health fraud by incorporating the concept of emotional labour. Nested in the Chinese context, which owns the most populous ageing population, three sets of qualitative data were collected, including 13 semi-structured interviews, 233 judicial documents, and 197 media reports. The findings suggest that health fraud offenders utilized three types of emotional labour as means of committing crime: including the labour of anxiety relief, the labour of filial piety, and the labour of social networking. This article not only provides novel insights into understanding health fraud, but also contributes to introducing the concept of emotional labour in criminological and socio-legal studies.
Keywords
health fraud; emotional labour; vulnerability manipulation; older adults; China
摘要：
現(xiàn)有文獻已然強調(diào)，對于健康欺詐罪犯故意操縱受害者脆弱性的認識具有重要性。然而，健康欺詐的操縱策略卻很少受到關(guān)注。本研究旨在通過納入情感勞動的概念來擴展目前對健康欺詐的理解。本研究以擁有最多老齡人口的中國為背景，收集了三組定性數(shù)據(jù)，包括 13 個半結(jié)構(gòu)式訪談、233 份司法文書和 197 篇媒體報道。研究結(jié)果表明，健康詐騙罪犯利用三種情感勞動作為犯罪手段：包括焦慮緩解勞動、孝道勞動和社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)勞動。本文不僅為理解健康欺詐提供了新的見解，而且有助于在犯罪學(xué)和社會法學(xué)研究中引入情感勞動的概念。
關(guān)鍵詞：
健康欺詐；情感勞動；脆弱性操縱；老年人；中國
5. Liability Beyond Law: Conceptions of Fairness in Chinese Tort Cases
法外責(zé)任：中國侵權(quán)案件中的公平觀念
雷切爾·E·斯特恩（Rachel E. Stern)，伯克利法學(xué)院
本杰明·L·利伯曼(Benjamin L. Liebman)，哥倫比亞法學(xué)院
Wenwa Gao，哥倫比亞法學(xué)院
Xiahan Wu，加州大學(xué)圣迭戈分校，可持續(xù)發(fā)展學(xué)院政治科學(xué)系
Abstract
Empirical work consistently finds that Chinese courts resolve civil cases by finding a compromise solution. But beyond this split-it-down-the-middle tendency, when and how do Chinese courts arrive at decisions that feel “fair and just” in cases in which they invoke those ideas? Drawing on a data set of 9,485 tort cases, we find that Chinese courts impose liability on two types of parties with ethical, but not legal, obligation to victims: (1) participants in a shared activity and (2) those who control a physical space. In these cases, Chinese courts stretch the law to spread losses through communities and to acknowledge traumatic harm. Considering fairness, then, returns Chinese courts to their longstanding role as managers of communities who respond to misfortune by assigning legal responsibility to relationships that range from intimate to surprisingly tenuous.
Keywords
China; Courts; Authoritarian legality; Socialist rule of law; Interpretive approaches
摘要：
實證研究一致發(fā)現(xiàn)，中國法院通過尋求折衷方案來解決民事案件。但除此種中間傾向之外，中國法院在援引這些觀點的案件中，何時以及如何做出讓人感覺“公平公正”的判決？通過對9485起侵權(quán)案件的數(shù)據(jù)分析，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)中國法院要求兩種類型的當(dāng)事人承擔(dān)責(zé)任，他們對受害人負有道德義務(wù)，但不是法律義務(wù)：（1）共同活動的參與者和（2）控制物理空間的人。在這些案件中，中國法院對法律作一延伸，從而通過社群分散損失，并承認創(chuàng)傷性傷害。因此，對公平性的考慮使得中國法院回歸了長期以來的社群管理者角色，他們通過將法律責(zé)任分配到從親密到非常脆弱的各類關(guān)系中來應(yīng)對不幸。
關(guān)鍵詞：
中國；法院；專制合法性；社會主義法治；解釋性方法
Book review
1. Asia’s Emerging Scholarship in Law and Society - The Asian Law & Society Reader. By Lynette J. Chua, David M. Engle & Sida Liu. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2023. 430 pp. Paperback $35.50
《亞洲法與社會讀本》，作者：蔡可欣、大衛(wèi) M. 恩格爾、劉思達
2. Socio-Legal Analyses of the Politics of Rights Mobilization in Asia - The Politics of Rights and Southeast Asia. By Lynette J. Chua. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2022. 68 pp. Paperback $20.00
《權(quán)利政治與東南亞》，作者：蔡可欣
3. The Problematic Situation of Freedom of Expression in Japan - Japan’s Prisoners of Conscience: Protest and Law during the Iraq War. By Lawrence Repeta, Oxford & New York: Routledge, 2023. 238 pp. Hardcover: ￡120.00
《日本的良心犯：伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭期間的抗議與法律》，作者：勞倫斯·雷佩塔