一、特刊：人類世與亞洲法
The Anthropocene and the Law in Asia
The Prevention of the Sixth Mass Extinction: Socio-Legal Responses to Mitigate the Anthropogenic Crises in Asia and Beyond
預(yù)防第六次物種滅絕:減輕亞洲及其他地區(qū)人類世危機(jī)的社會(huì)法律回應(yīng)
Hiroshi Fukurai，加州大學(xué)圣塔芭芭拉分校
Abstract:
This Special Issue highlights the most recent socio-legal research related to the mitigation, if not the elimination, of the threat of anthropogenic disasters in Asia and beyond. The drafts of these papers were originally presented at the Presidential Session on “The Anthropocene and the Law in Asia” at the Fourth Asian Law and Society Association (ALSA) Conference held in the vibrant city of Osaka, Japan in December 2019. The timing of this particular session, the first of its kind to be held at an ALSA Conference, turned out to be somewhat prophetic, in that two anthropogenic catastrophes—the historic zoonotic pandemic and the cataclysmic wild bushfires—had just begun to strike in December in Wuhan, China and in New South Wales, Australia, respectively. The novel coronavirus pandemic would kill more than 1 million people in the following months, after infecting more than 40 million across the globe. The Australian wild bushfires killed and displaced more than 3 billion animals, becoming the worst wildfire ever recorded in the world. Since that last ALSA Conference in December 2019, multiple anthropogenic disasters have hit various regions in Asia and across the world. The papers in this Special Issue examine various impacts of anthropogenic disasters and propose innovative socio-legal strategies to mitigate them. Included are arguments for the proposal of new legal education curricula and innovative pedagogy on environmental law and the exploration of an international multidisciplinary teaching framework in reconsidering and reshaping human-centric legal education. Also proposed is the development of a robust Earth Jurisprudence based on the adoption of the Rights of Nature principles, while moving away from the Euro-American exploitive view of nature as commodified properties. Additionally proposed is the establishment of a land-based, topological jurisprudence that incorporates the nuanced narratives of indigenous voices in dealing with the threat of human-induced ecological and environmental disasters in the years ahead.
摘要：
本特刊重點(diǎn)介紹了在亞洲和其他地區(qū)關(guān)于減輕（如果不是消除）人類世災(zāi)害威脅的最新法社會(huì)學(xué)研究。這些論文的初稿最初在2019年12月提交于第四屆亞洲法與社會(huì)協(xié)會(huì)（ALSA）會(huì)議中的“人類世與亞洲法律”主席會(huì)期，大會(huì)在日本充滿活力的城市大阪舉行。這是第一次在ALSA會(huì)議上舉行此類議程，這場(chǎng)特殊會(huì)議的時(shí)間節(jié)點(diǎn)在某種程度上是預(yù)言性的。因?yàn)?/span>就在12月，兩場(chǎng)人類世災(zāi)難——歷史性的動(dòng)物傳染大流行病和災(zāi)難性的野外叢林大火——分別在中國(guó)武漢和澳大利亞的新南威爾士地區(qū)開始肆虐。在接下來的幾個(gè)月里，新型冠狀病毒大流行在全球范圍內(nèi)感染人數(shù)超過了4000萬，并使100多萬人喪失生命。澳大利亞的野生叢林大火造成30多億動(dòng)物死亡和流離失所，成為世界上有記錄以來最嚴(yán)重的一場(chǎng)野火。自上一次2019年12月的ALSA會(huì)議以來，亞洲和世界各地各地區(qū)發(fā)生多起人類世災(zāi)害。本特刊中的論文研究了人為災(zāi)害的各種影響，并提出了用于減輕這些影響的法與社會(huì)的革新方案。這些論文的觀點(diǎn)包括提供新的法學(xué)教育課程和關(guān)于環(huán)境法的創(chuàng)新教學(xué)法，以及探索挖掘一種國(guó)際化多學(xué)科的教學(xué)框架，從而重新思考并塑造當(dāng)前以人類為中心的法學(xué)教育。以及，建議在“自然的權(quán)利”原則基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展出穩(wěn)固健全的地球法理學(xué)，同時(shí)擺脫歐美式的將自然看作商品化的財(cái)產(chǎn)的剝削性觀點(diǎn)。此外，建議建立一個(gè)以土地為基礎(chǔ)的地志法理學(xué)，從而在今后處理由人類引起的生態(tài)和環(huán)境災(zāi)難威脅時(shí)納入原住民的精微敘事。
Keywords: Anthropocene pandemics; climate change; legal education; Rights of Nature; topography; Asia
關(guān)鍵詞：人類世大流行??；氣候變化；法學(xué)教育；自然的權(quán)利；地志學(xué)；亞洲
Can Rights of Nature Save Us from the Anthropocene Catastrophe? Some Critical Reflections from the Field
自然的權(quán)利能把我們從人類世災(zāi)難中拯救出來嗎？來自現(xiàn)實(shí)情況的一些批判性思考
Lieselotte Viaene，西班牙馬德里卡洛斯三世大學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)系
Abstract：
The world can no longer deny that the planet is on the verge of an Anthropocene catastrophe. As scientists from different fields and from around the globe are discussing the causes, impacts, challenges, and solutions to the arrival of this human-induced new geological time, the field of law cannot remain behind. Rights of Nature (RoN), granting legal personhood to nature and its elements such as rivers, is an emerging transnational legal framework fast gaining international traction among Euro-American legal scholars as a new tool to combat environmental destruction. Grounded in reflections derived from long-term collaborative ethnographic work among indigenous communities, this article aims to critically and empirically unpack several interrelated concerns and blind spots at this moment of the RoN snowballing effect around the globe related to claims that this new legal proposal is rooted in indigenous lifestyles and views about nature/the environment.
摘要：
世界已無法否認(rèn)地球瀕臨一場(chǎng)人類世災(zāi)難的邊緣。當(dāng)世界各地不同領(lǐng)域的科學(xué)家們討論著這一由人類引發(fā)的新地質(zhì)時(shí)代到來的原因、影響、挑戰(zhàn)和解決方法時(shí)，法律領(lǐng)域也不能落下腳步。自然的權(quán)利（RoN）賦予自然及其諸如河流等要素以法律人格，它是一種新興的跨國(guó)法律框架，能夠作為一種新型工具與環(huán)境破壞問題作斗爭(zhēng)。這一法律框架飛速地在歐美法律學(xué)者間獲得國(guó)際化的關(guān)注。本文立足于在原住民社群中長(zhǎng)期開展民族志合作研究產(chǎn)生的反思，旨在批判地、經(jīng)驗(yàn)性地剖析目前自然的權(quán)利（RoN）在全球范圍內(nèi)發(fā)生滾雪球式效應(yīng)的背景下，幾個(gè)相互關(guān)聯(lián)的關(guān)切和盲點(diǎn)，而這些關(guān)切和盲點(diǎn)都與這個(gè)新的法律提議根植于原住民的生活方式以及有關(guān)自然/環(huán)境的視角有關(guān)。
Keywords：Rights of Nature; Anthropocene; indigenous peoples; river rights; natural resources
關(guān)鍵詞：自然的權(quán)利；人類世；原住民；河流權(quán)利；自然資源
Integrating the Anthropocene in Legal Education: Considerations for Asia
將人類世納入法律教育：為亞洲的若干考慮
Jonathan Liljeblad，澳大利亞國(guó)立大學(xué)法學(xué)院
Abstract:
The scale and urgency of the consequences of the Anthropocene for human civilization call for comprehensive responses from human societies. As leaders in law, law schools have a role in helping their respective societies respond to the impacts of the Anthropocene. The present analysis discusses potential approaches to help law schools in Asia integrate the Anthropocene into their legal education curricula. Drawing upon existing legal education literature regarding issues of content, teaching tools, curriculum placement, and subject status as a law topic, the analysis explores the potential issues facing law schools in the adoption of the Anthropocene as a component of learning. The analysis then addresses the particular contextual sociocultural, economic, and political circumstances likely to challenge the integration of the Anthropocene into Asian law schools. The conclusion finishes with directions for future research.
摘要：
人類世給人類文明帶來的后果的規(guī)模和緊迫性亟待人類社會(huì)做出全面的回應(yīng)。作為法律領(lǐng)域中的引導(dǎo)者，法學(xué)院在幫助社會(huì)各界應(yīng)對(duì)人類世的影響方面發(fā)揮著作用。本文討論了幫助亞洲法學(xué)院將人類世納入其法律教育課程的潛在方法。基于現(xiàn)有法學(xué)教育文獻(xiàn)中關(guān)于教學(xué)內(nèi)容、教學(xué)工具、課程設(shè)置和作為法律主題的學(xué)科地位等議題，本文探討了法學(xué)院在采用人類世作為學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容時(shí)所面臨的潛在問題。隨后，本文指出可能對(duì)人類世融入亞洲法學(xué)院構(gòu)成挑戰(zhàn)的特殊社會(huì)文化、經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治環(huán)境。（文章）以指明（如何將人類世作為一個(gè)學(xué)科納入法律教育的）未來研究方向作結(jié)。
Keywords: Anthropocene; legal education; Asia; law; environment; comparative law; international law
關(guān)鍵詞: 人類世；法律教育；亞洲；法律；環(huán)境；比較法；國(guó)際法
A Sense of Place with Landmark Judgments: Anthropogenic Justice, Wildlife Extinction, and Climate Change
地方感及其里程碑式判決：人類正義、野生動(dòng)物滅絕與氣候變化
Peter D. Rush，墨爾本大學(xué)法學(xué)院
Abstract:
It will be familiar to many that the environmental emergency of our times generates a number of difficulties for our thinking of law and society. It is argued in this essay that the languages of place-making make some sense of these predicaments. The essay proceeds through the close reading of an Extinction Rebellion protest and two landmark judgments. The protests, and their policing, are keyed to specific places and their atmospheres. A first judgment concerns the destruction of habitat and the extinction of native wildlife species; a second concerns the impact of coal mining on greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. A sense of place emerges with the aesthetic reason of judgment. The emblems and topics of legal speech, it is argued, give form and technique to the writing of place. A renewed jurisprudence of topography makes legible the meeting places of law and the environmental emergency.
摘要：
眾所周知，我們這個(gè)時(shí)代的環(huán)境突發(fā)事件給我們思考法律和社會(huì)問題帶來了許多困難。本文認(rèn)為，“地方營(yíng)造”的話語對(duì)這些困境有一定的解釋力。本文下文通過對(duì)一場(chǎng)滅絕反抗抗議及兩份具有里程碑意義的判決進(jìn)行詳細(xì)解讀展開?？棺h活動(dòng)及其警察監(jiān)管工作都與之特定的地點(diǎn)和氛圍有關(guān)。第一個(gè)判決涉及本土野生物種棲息地的破壞和滅絕; 第二個(gè)判決涉及采煤對(duì)溫室氣體排放和氣候變化的影響。一種地方感隨著具有審美理知的判斷而出現(xiàn)。本文認(rèn)為，法律言語的象征和主題為地方的書寫賦予了形式和技巧。新的地形法理學(xué)使法律和環(huán)境突發(fā)事件的交匯處變得清晰可辨。
Keywords: topography; emblem; protest; extinction; place; jurisdiction
關(guān)鍵詞：地形學(xué)；象征；抗議；滅絕；地方；管轄權(quán)
二、研究論文
The Garment Industry in Bangladesh, Corporate Social Responsibility of Multinational Corporations, and The Impact of COVID-19
孟加拉國(guó)服裝業(yè)，跨國(guó)企業(yè)的企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任，以及新冠肺炎的影響
Ninia Reza, Jean Jacques Du Plessis, 迪肯大學(xué)
Abstract:
This article investigates the Bangladeshi garment industry that supplies ready-made garments for global brands and the corporate social responsibilities (CSRs) of the brands/multinational corporations (MNCs) towards their supply chains. Although outsourcing and global trade have boosted the living standards of many people in the Bangladeshi garment industry, there are some significant concerns regarding the working conditions and treatment of workers in these supply chains. This, in turn, cannot, and should not, be detached from the legal relationship between the Bangladeshi supply chains and the MNCs contracting with them. This article examines the impact of COVID-19, which has exposed the fragility and the pre-existing flaws in the relationship between the MNCs and their suppliers more clearly than at any other time in history. There is a huge governance gap between MNCs and supply chains that needs to be addressed urgently. This article assesses the legality of the cancellation of orders by the brands that invoked the force majeure clause. In doing so, this paper briefly deals with the responses of three American retail companies, namely Sears, Kohl’s, and the Arcadia Group, in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. It illustrates that the power asymmetry between the MNCs and their suppliers has put the supply chains in an unreasonably disadvantageous position, creating unfair and even unconscionable conduct by several MNCs. This article also looks at solutions for the existing problems, focusing, inter alia, on non-financial reporting requirements in the US and the EU to implement CSR in supply chains. However, disappointingly, the authors had to conclude that MNCs typically have the propensity to disregard CSR, whenever it is convenient for them and use CSR for mere “greenwashing” purposes for their strategic benefit only. It is a problem that requires constant attention and continuing research to find long-term solutions. The article employs doctrinal methodology and, by conducting a meta-analysis of literature and case-studies, it provides a comprehensive understanding of how the industry works.
摘要：
本文調(diào)查了為全球品牌方提供成衣的孟加拉國(guó)服裝業(yè)，以及品牌方/跨國(guó)企業(yè)（MNCs）對(duì)其供應(yīng)鏈應(yīng)承擔(dān)的企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任（CSR）。盡管外包和全球貿(mào)易提高了許多從事孟加拉國(guó)服裝業(yè)的人的生活水平，供應(yīng)鏈環(huán)節(jié)的工作條件和工人待遇方面仍存在一些重大問題。相應(yīng)的，這不能也不應(yīng)該脫離孟加拉國(guó)供應(yīng)鏈和與之簽約的跨國(guó)企業(yè)之間的法律關(guān)系。本文考查了新冠疫情的影響，它使得跨國(guó)企業(yè)與其供應(yīng)商之間關(guān)系的脆弱性和早已存在的缺陷比歷史上任何時(shí)候都更加清晰地暴露出來?？鐕?guó)企業(yè)與其供應(yīng)商之間存在著亟需解決的治理缺口。本文評(píng)估了品牌方援引“不可抗力”條款取消訂單的合法性。在此過程中，本文簡(jiǎn)要介紹了三家美國(guó)零售企業(yè)在新冠肺炎疫情大爆發(fā)后的應(yīng)對(duì)措施，即西爾斯（Sears）、科爾斯（Kohl’s）以及阿卡迪亞（Arcadia）集團(tuán)。這闡明了跨國(guó)企業(yè)與其供應(yīng)商之間的權(quán)力不對(duì)等已經(jīng)使供應(yīng)鏈處于不合理的劣勢(shì)，導(dǎo)致許多跨國(guó)企業(yè)不公平甚至是有違良心的行為。本文還探討了現(xiàn)有問題的解決方法，比如說，在美國(guó)和歐盟為了在供應(yīng)鏈中落實(shí)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任而要求的財(cái)務(wù)之外的報(bào)告義務(wù)。然而，令人失望的是，作者不得不得出結(jié)論：在任何方便的時(shí)候，跨國(guó)企業(yè)通常傾向于忽視企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任，并且只是為了他們的戰(zhàn)略利益而僅把企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任用于“粉飾”目的。這是一個(gè)需要經(jīng)常關(guān)注和持續(xù)研究以找到長(zhǎng)期解決方案的問題。本文運(yùn)用了教義學(xué)方法，并通過開展文獻(xiàn)和案例研究的綜合分析，提供了對(duì)該行業(yè)運(yùn)作方式的全面理解。
Keywords: Bangladeshi garment industry; corporate governance; corporate social responsibility; global supply chains; non-financial reporting; force majeure clauses; impact of COVID-19
關(guān)鍵詞：孟加拉國(guó)服裝業(yè)；企業(yè)治理；企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任；全球供應(yīng)鏈；非財(cái)務(wù)的報(bào)告義務(wù)；“不可抗力”條款；新冠疫情影響
How Has the Legal Consciousness of Chinese Enterprise Managers Transformed since 1949? A Study of Chinese Enterprises under Socialism
1949年以來中國(guó)企業(yè)管理者的法律意識(shí)如何轉(zhuǎn)變？社會(huì)主義制度下中國(guó)企業(yè)研究
Alvin Hoi-Chun Hung，牛津大學(xué)
Abstract:
This paper analyses how the legal consciousness of Chinese enterprise managers has transformed in the face of drastic changes brought along by major events in socialist China. During the past 70 years, there have been in place a series of radical and pervasive changes in the legal framework constituted by a communist system frequented by mass political campaigns, trailed by a massive liberalized move towards a market economy. By building upon the thesis of legal-consciousness narratives suggested by Ewick and Silbey, this paper discusses how Chinese managers have evolved through various states of “With the Law,” “Against the Law,” and “Under the Law” legal consciousness. It is suggested that, in the coming era of globalization under socialist China, Chinese enterprise managers may start to embrace a new narrative of legal consciousness—“In the Law”—by participating more actively in the socialist system with Chinese characteristics.
摘要：
本文分析了在面臨社會(huì)主義制度下重大事件帶來的劇烈變化時(shí)，中國(guó)企業(yè)管理者的法律意識(shí)如何轉(zhuǎn)變。過去七十年間，由于經(jīng)常發(fā)生大規(guī)模政治運(yùn)動(dòng)，以及隨之而來的一場(chǎng)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)導(dǎo)向的大規(guī)模自由化運(yùn)動(dòng)，這種共產(chǎn)主義制度所建立的法律框架發(fā)生了一系列根本性和普遍性的變革。本文以尤伊克（Ewick）和西爾貝（Silbey）所提出的法律意識(shí)敘述維度為基礎(chǔ)，探討了中國(guó)管理者的法律意識(shí)如何發(fā)生從“利用法律”到“對(duì)抗法律”再到“順從法律”的演變。本文認(rèn)為，在即將到來的社會(huì)主義中國(guó)全球化時(shí)代，中國(guó)企業(yè)管理者可能會(huì)更加積極地參與中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度建設(shè)，借此轉(zhuǎn)入新的法律意識(shí)敘述維度——“介入法律”。
Keywords: legal consciousness; Chinese enterprise managers; Chinese legal transformation; socialism with Chinese characteristics; China
關(guān)鍵詞: 法律意識(shí)；中國(guó)企業(yè)管理者；中國(guó)法制轉(zhuǎn)型；中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義；中國(guó)
Legislation as a Social Process: Japanese Family Law and the Drafting of the Bill on the Hague Child Abduction Convention
立法反映社會(huì)進(jìn)程：日本家庭法與《國(guó)際誘拐兒童民事方面海牙公約》下的國(guó)內(nèi)法起草
Takeshi Hamano，北九州市立大學(xué)人文學(xué)院
Abstract：
When Japan signed the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, the government enacted a new act to deal with international parental child abduction according to the Convention in the same year. The Ministries of Justice and Foreign Affairs were immediately in charge of making a draft Bill. Once the government and respective ministries had instantly set up the legal and administrative procedure for dealing with international family issue under the Convention, as some studies argue, simultaneous issues of the family in separation in Japan were underdeveloped. Employing a method of content analysis of the record of policy debates by authorities, observing both diplomatic and domestic frames referred in the debate in contrast, this paper highlights this law-making process delivered and elucidated continuous consecutive inquiries about radical questions of the current Japanese family law regarding the wellbeing of the changing families and their children in contemporary Japan.
摘要：
日本簽署海牙《國(guó)際誘拐兒童民事方面海牙公約》的同年，日本政府根據(jù)該公約頒布了新法，旨在解決國(guó)際性的父母誘拐子女問題。當(dāng)時(shí)，日本法務(wù)省和外務(wù)省緊接著負(fù)責(zé)起草新法案。正如一些研究表明的，日本政府和相關(guān)省快速確立了在《國(guó)際誘拐兒童民事方面海牙公約》下解決國(guó)際性家庭問題的法律和行政程序的同時(shí)，日本分居家庭問題的解決仍有待完善。本文采用內(nèi)容分析法，對(duì)當(dāng)局在法案制定過程中的政策爭(zhēng)論記錄進(jìn)行分析，對(duì)爭(zhēng)論中提到的外交及本國(guó)框架進(jìn)行比較分析，本文著重闡述了這一對(duì)現(xiàn)行日本家庭法的激進(jìn)性問題進(jìn)行連續(xù)不斷的追問的立法過程，這些問題關(guān)乎當(dāng)代日本變動(dòng)的家庭關(guān)系及其未成年子女的福祉問題。
Keywords: Japan; international parental child abduction; Hague Child Abduction Convention; family law; cross-border marriage
關(guān)鍵詞: 日本；跨國(guó)家庭中父母誘拐兒童；《國(guó)際誘拐兒童民事方面海牙公約》；家庭法；跨境婚姻
三、書評(píng)
A Novel Perspective on the Contributions of Legal Outsiders in Japanese Criminal Justice
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Lay and Expert Contributions to Japanese Criminal Justice. By Erik Herber. London: Routledge, 2019. 206 pp. Hardcover $140.00 (Won an Honorary Mention by the 2020 ALSA Distinguished Book Award Committee)
《日本刑事司法中的非專業(yè)人士與專家貢獻(xiàn)》，作者Erik Herber（獲得2020年亞洲法與社會(huì)協(xié)會(huì)杰出圖書獎(jiǎng)委員會(huì)榮譽(yù)提名）
Civil Justice Reform in Chinese Law and Society
“中國(guó)法律與社會(huì)中的民事司法改革”，作者Hiro N. Aragaki
Dispute Resolution in China: Litigation, Arbitration, Mediation, and Their Interactions. By Weixia Gu. London/New York: Routledge, 2021. 288 pp. Hardcover $144.00
《中國(guó)的糾紛解決：訴訟、仲裁、調(diào)解及其互動(dòng)》，作者Weixia Gu
Rule of Law with Chinese Characteristics
“中國(guó)特色法治”，作者Yi Zhao
Law and Society in China. By Vai lo Lo. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2020. 235 pp. Hardcover $120.00
《中國(guó)的法律與社會(huì)》，作者 Vai lo Lo
翻譯：張晶翼、張文溢、馮慧婷、牟偉、魏奕熒、閆靈犀、朱穎穎
校對(duì)：陳曦宜、林浩舟